Is Bulgaria going to be governed by a second Viktor Orban? Or will the rampant corruption in the country finally be tackled?
These are the big questions being asked by the media after Progressive Bulgaria, the new party of former President Rumen Radev, won the parliamentary election on April 19 and is set to have an absolute majority in the new parliament.
Radev avoided giving clear answers to questions in the runup to the election, which meant that for many observers, most of his plans and partners in the alliance of three small parties he put together in a few short weeks, remained nebulous.
What does his biography tell us?
Who is Rumen Radev?
Rumen Radev was born in the city of Haskovo near the Bulgarian-Turkish border in 1963. His parents and relations say that even as a young child, he had set his sights on a career in aviation.
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In 1987, when Bulgaria was still a communist dictatorship and a member of the Warsaw Pact, he began training to be a pilot.
In 1992, two years after Bulgaria became a democratic country, Radev completed his training as an officer in the US.
In 2005, a year after Bulgaria joined NATO, he was made Commander of the Bulgarian Air Force.
The Kremlin’s man in Sofia?
Rumen Radev first ran for the presidency in 2016. He was nominated by the Bulgarian Socialist Party, the successor to the Bulgarian Communist Party, which ruled the country from 1944 to 1990.
At the time, it was reported that Radev’s candidacy had been discussed with the powers-that-be in Moscow.
A short time later, Leonid Reshetnikov, a long-serving member of the intelligence services of the Soviet Union and later the Russian Federation, who was at the time head of the Russian Institute for Strategic Studies, bragged that he had discussed Radev’s candidacy with the leadership of the BSP.
Ever since, potential links between Radev — who went on to win the 2016 presidential election — and the Kremlin have been the focus of media and public attention.
This interest grew after the start of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022.
What is Radev’s stance on Ukraine?
In 2021, Radev ran for reelection as president. During the only TV debate before the election, Anastas Gerdzhikov, the candidate for the conservative, pro-European GERB party, asked Radev outright: “To whom does Crimea belong?”
Radev replied that it is “currently Russian. What else can it be?” He later toned down his remarks, explaining that “Crimea belongs to Ukraine, but is currently controlled by Russia.”
After Russia’s all-out invasion of Ukraine, Radev said that Russia should halt its military operations. In the months that followed, however, his rhetoric increasingly targeted Ukraine and the EU.
Radev argued that providing military support to Kyiv only prolonged the war, that the Ukrainian counteroffensive was a mistake and that politicians who sent weapons and ammunition to Ukraine were “warmongers.”
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All of this raises serious questions about the extent to which Radev will maintain Bulgaria’s pro-European stance on Ukraine, which the coalition partners of the last two governments have adopted, and whether Radev could block common EU decisions on Ukraine, as Hungary’s former Prime Minister Viktor Orban did for years.
The next Viktor Orban?
“I would not compare him with Orban or [Robert] Fico of Slovakia,” said Pavol Szalai, Director of the Reporters Without Borders Prague Bureau, who spoke to Radev last fall.
“Russian propaganda is widespread in Bulgaria,” Szalai told DW. “It is one of the main problems for citizens and their access to information.”
According to Catherine Belton of the US broadsheet The Washington Post, the risks caused by Russian disinformation appeared to be so great that “Sofia’s Foreign Ministry set up a special unit in coordination with the European Commission to seek to combat potential Russian meddling.”
Radev, she added, said that this was an attempt by Brussels to interfere in the vote.
“Radev’s campaign was bolstered by a network of former senior Bulgarian military officers who have connections to Russian military intelligence and have backed Radev by promoting his views against support for Ukraine, according to a European intelligence official, who spoke on the condition of anonymity to discuss sensitive matters,” wrote Belton.
Will Radev crack down on corruption?
As far back as 2021, while he was still president, Radev expressed support for the massive anti-corruption and anti-government protests in Bulgaria.
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“Let’s get rid of the mafia!” he declared to demonstrators, who were extremely critical of Boyko Borissov, former prime minister and leader of the GERB party, and Delyan Peevski, leader of the Movement for Rights and Freedom (DPS), accusing them of corruption and capture of the judiciary.
The US and UK have since imposed sanctions on Peevski for alleged corruption. For the same reason, the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe took the decision to exclude his party from the group. The DPS then left the alliance of its own accord.
After the 2021 protests, a new party — the pro-European, liberal, anti-corruption We Continue the Change party — entered the political stage. Its leaders, Kiril Petkov and Asen Vasilev, were part of an interim government appointed by Radev.
With whom will Radev work?
There were more mass protests in Bulgaria in December 2025. The trigger this time was the budget, but Borissov and Peevski were once again in the crosshairs.
One of the organizers of the protests was We Continue the Change, which is now in an alliance with another pro-European party, Democratic Bulgaria.
Radev could potentially seek the support of this alliance (PP-DB) for a qualified majority that would allow him to replace people in the judiciary and other key state institutions whom he considers to be linked to Borissov and Peevski.
Radev has not, on the other hand, demonstrated any willingness to enter into any kind of cooperation with the nationalist, pro-Russia Revival party, which will also be part of the next parliament.
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